- Affected crops
- Pastures, maize, sorghum, and most cropland it invades; also a serious rangeland weed
- Competition impact
- Releases allelopathic compounds that suppress neighbouring plant growth, causes contact dermatitis and respiratory allergies in humans, and is toxic/unpalatable to livestock, reducing pasture carrying capacity.
- Economic impact
- One of the world's worst invasive weeds, causing major losses in rangeland productivity and serious human/livestock health impacts across East Africa.